Upconversion Nanotechnology

Background-Free Detection and High Stability with NIR-Activated Nanomaterials

When classic fluorescence reaches its limits in terms of operating distance and stability, precisely controllable upconversion nanomaterials offer robust, multiplex-capable, and ratiometric measurement platforms, ranging from bioanalytical assays to integrable sensor systems. Optical analysis in scattering or strongly absorbing media poses significant challenges for signal stability and selectivity. Our upconversion technology converts invisible near-infrared light locally into visible or UV emission, enabling background-free, photostable, and deep tissue measurements. Controlled particle design allows excitation, emission, and lifetime to be precisely adjusted. Functionalizable surfaces enable integration into assays, sensor platforms, and optical devices from research to industrial applications. 

Characteristics and Benefits of the Technology

  • Customized nanoparticle design: Controllable emission, lifetime, and particle size for imaging, sensor technology, and photochemical applications.
  • Deeper tissue penetration with NIR excitation and low phototoxicity: High optical penetration depth and minimal background signal in scattering or biological media.
  • Adaptive spectral light emission: Emission wavelengths from the UV to NIR range enable flexible detection and encoding strategies, even in multiplex processes.
  • Precise surface functionalization: Stable coupling to biomolecules, polymers, or inorganic systems for specific targets.
  • Background-free detection: High sensitivity and selectivity even in complex matrices such as blood, tissue, or environmental samples.
  • Multimodal imaging capability: Can be combined with X-ray (CT), MRI, or other contrast methods for advanced diagnostic platforms.
  • Extendable toward photochemistry and drug release: Light-driven reactions and controlled activation processes in material and bio applications.
  • Ratiometric sensor technology: Quantitative analysis with high robustness against intensity fluctuations.

Engage our expertise to drive your research forward.

Our Contribution to Your Project

  • We develop customized upconversion nanoparticles for your application – from particle architecture to surface chemistry.
  • Production on a milligram to gram scale, precise adjustment of emission and lifetime, and stable functionalization for biomolecules, polymers, or inorganic systems
  • We accompany the entire process from the concept phase to the validated prototype!

  • Integration of nanomaterials into sensors, assays, and optical systems – even for demanding matrices.
  • Development of low-background, ratiometric, and FRET-based detection strategies as well as multimodal platforms for optical imaging, MRI, or CT.
  • Transfer into robust measurement and device concepts.

NIR-activated
nanophotonics –
for deep tissue
measurements

 

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Methods

  • Synthesis of nanoparticles and nanorods as well as core-shell architectures (5–100 nm)
  • Surface modification and coating with ligands, polymers, silica shells, and membrane-like bilayers
  • Stability studies in biological and technical real media
  • Freeze drying and redispersion of functionalized nanoparticles
  • Bioconjugation and dye functionalization
  • Development of light-activated systems and functional particle platforms
  • Ratiometric detection strategies for optical sensor technology
  • FRET-based sensor systems and multiplex analytics

 

Equipment

  • Time-resolved and spectrally resolved fluorescence spectroscopy (UV–Vis–NIR)
  • Laser excitation systems in the NIR range (808 / 980 nm) for upconversion characterization
  • Particle size and zeta potential analysis
  • Electron and light microscopy for morphology and structure analysis
  • Raman and FTIR spectroscopy for chemical surface characterization
  • Thermal and colloidal stability analysis (TGA, media stability)
  • SPR-based interaction analysis for quantitative investigation of nanoparticle-biomolecule bonds
  • SPR measurement platforms for affinity and kinetic analysis of functionalized nanomaterials and for sensory validation

Publications

  • Weitzel N, Tsutskiridze A, Bramowski J, König B, Hirsch T, Fully Sensitized Upconversion Nanoparticles as Efficient Catalysts for NIR-Driven UV Photochemistry, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2025), 64, e202511247
  • Märkl S, Przybilla F, Rachel R, Hirsch T, Keller M, Witzgall R, Mély, Y, Wegener J, Impact of surface chemistry of upconversion nanoparticles on time-dependent cytotoxicity in non-cancerous epithelial cells. Sci. Rep. (2024), 14, 30610
  • Schroter A, Hirsch T, Control of Luminescence and Interfacial Properties as Perspective for Upconversion Nanoparticles. Small (2024), 20, 2306042
  • Schroter A, Arnau del Valle C, Marín MJ, Hirsch T., Bilayer-Coating Strategy for Hydrophobic Nanoparticles Providing Colloidal Stability, Functionality, and Surface Protection in Biological Media. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. (2023), 62, e202305165
  • Schroter A, Märkl S, Weitzel N, Hirsch T, Upconversion Nanocrystals with High Lanthanide Content: Luminescence Loss by Energy Migration versus Luminescence Enhancement by Increased NIR Absorption. Adv. Funct. Mater. (2022), 32, 2113065
  • Märkl S, Schroter A, Hirsch T, Small and Bright Water-Protected Upconversion Nanoparticles with Long-Time Stability in Complex, Aqueous Media by Phospholipid Membrane Coating, Nano Letters (2020), 20 (12), 8620-8625
  • Buchner M., Calavia PG., Muhr V, Kröninger A, Baeumner AJ, Hirsch T, Photosensitiser functionalised luminescent upconverting nanoparticles for efficient photodynamic therapy of breast cancer cells. Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. (2019) 18, 98–109
  • Wiesholler LM, Genslein C, Schroter A, Hirsch T, Plasmonic Enhancement of NIR to UV Upconversion by a Nanoengineered Interface Consisting of NaYF4:Yb,Tm Nanoparticles and a Gold Nanotriangle Array for Optical Detection of Vitamin B12 in Serum. Analytical Chemistry 2018 90 (24), 14247-14254
  • Wilhelm S, Barrio M, Heiland J, Himmelstoß SF, Galbán J, Wolfbeis OS, Hirsch T, Spectrally Matched Upconverting Luminescent Nanoparticles for Monitoring Enzymatic Reactions. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2014), 6 (17), 15427-15433